虚拟语气的用法

2016-11-12

虚拟语气用来表示说话人所说的话并不是事实,而是一种假设、愿望、怀疑或推测。该语法主要用于if 条件状语从句中,也可用于主语从句、表语从句和宾语从句等。

1. if 条件状语从句中虚拟语气的判断。if 条件状语从句有真实条件句和非真实条件句。假设条件可以实现的句子为真实条件句,反之为非真实条件句,要用虚拟语气。其形式分为以下三种:

(1) 与现在事实相反的假设。结构为:从句的谓语动词用过去式,系动词用were,主句的谓语用“should (would, could, might) + 动词原形”。例如:

If I were in your position, I would marry her. 如果我是你,我就娶她为妻。

(2) 与过去事实相反的假设。结构为:从句的谓语动词用“had + 过去分词”,主句用“should (would, could, might) + have + 过去分词”。例如:

If it had not rained so hard yesterday, we could have played tennis. 如果昨天没有下大雨,我们就能玩网球了。

(3) 与将来事实相反的假设。结构为:从句的谓语动词用“should (were to) + 动词原形”,主句用“should

(would, could, might) + 动词原形”。 例如:

If you should miss the chance, you would feel sorry for it. 如果你错过了这次机会,你会难过的。

2. 宾语从句中的虚拟语气。

(1) wish后接宾语从句中的虚拟语气:根据从句的意义来判断。

A: 表示与现在和将来事实相反的愿望,从句谓语动词用过去时态。例如:

I wish they were not so late. 要是他们来得不是这么晚就好了。

B: 表示与过去事实相反的愿望,从句谓语动词用过去完成时态。例如:

I wished he hadn't done that. 我真希望那件事不是他做的。

(2) 表示“要求、建议、命令”等动词后面的宾语从句中的虚拟语气。用于此结构的动词有:advise, direct, agree, ask, demand, decide, desire, insist, order, prefer, propose, request, suggest等。从句的谓语动词用“should + 动词原形”,其中should 可以省去。例如:

I insisted that he (should) go with us. 我坚持让他和我们一起去。

注意:当insist 表示“坚持认为”、suggest表示“表明,显示”时,不用虚拟语气。例如:

He insisted that she was honest. 他坚持认为她是诚实的。

3. 主语从句中的虚拟语气。

(1) It be + 形容词 + that... (should)...。用于该句型的形容词有:necessary, good, important, right, wrong, better, natural, proper, funny, strange, surprising等。例如:

It's natural that he should feel hurt. 他感到疼是很正常的。

(2) It be + 过去分词 + that... (should)...。用于该结构中的过去分词是表示“建议、请求、命令”等词的过去分词。如: desired, suggested, requested, ordered, proposed等。例如:

It is desired that the building of the house be completed next month. 真希望这所房子在下个月前就能竣工。

(3) It is time (about time / high time) that... + (过去时或should + 动词原形)...。例如:

It is high time I went home now. = It is high time I should go home. 我该回家了。

(4) 表语从句、同位语从句中的虚拟语气。在suggestion, proposal, order, plan, idea, advice, decision等需要具体内容解释的名词后要使用虚拟语气,其谓语动词为:should + 动词原形,连接从句的that不能省略。例如:

My suggestion is that we should go there at once. 我的建议是我们应该马上去那儿。

4. 省略形式。有时可以把含有助动词、情态动词、be或have的虚拟条件句中的连词if 省去,而将had, should, were 等词提到主语之前,即用倒装结构。这时,如果出现not等否定词时需放在主语后面。例如:

If she had been here five minutes earlier she would have seen her old friend. → Had she been here five minutes earlier she would have seen her old friend. 如果她早到五分钟,她就会看见她的老朋友了。

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