高一英语重点时态语法知识点总结

2016-11-12

一、现在进行时

1. 表示现在 (说话瞬间) 正在进行或发生的动作。

[例句] He is reading a newspaper now.

2. 表示当前一段时间内的活动或现阶段正在进行的动作 (说话时动作不一定正在进行)。

[例句] What are you doing these days?

3. 表示说话人现在对主语的行为表示赞叹或厌恶等, 常与always, constantly, continually等副词连用。

[例句] He is always thinking of others.

4. 表示在最近按计划或安排要进行的动作。常限于go, come, leave, start, arrive等表“移动”、“方向”的词。

[例句] He is coming to see me next week.

二、过去进行时

1. 表示过去某时正在进行的动作。

[例句] He was sleeping when Mary came to see him.

2. 动词go, come, leave, arrive, start等的过去进行时常表过去将来时。

[例句] She said she was going to Beijing the day after tomorrow.

三、一般现在时

1. 表示现在习惯或经常反复发生的动作或存在的状态, 常与usually, always, sometimes, often, every day / week / month / year等时间状语连用。

[例句] He often does his homework in his study.

2. 表示主语现在的特征、性格和状态。

[例句] The dictionary belongs to me.

3. 表示客观规律或科学真理、格言, 以及其他不受时间限制的客观存在。

[例句] The moon goes around the sun.

4. 在有连词if, unless, before, as soon as, when, once, however等引导的时间、条件和让步状语从句中, 用一般现在时表将来。

[例句] If you work hard, you won’t fail in the exam.

四、一般过去时

1. 表示过去某一时间发生的动作或存在的状态。

[例句] She went to the zoo yesterday.

2. 在时间、条件状语从句中代替过去将来时。

[例句] He said when she came he would tell her.

五、一般将来时

1. 表示将来发生的动作或存在的状态, 常与表示将来的时间状语连用。

[例句] I don’t know what will happen in the future.

2. 常用来表示将来时的结构包括:

(1) shall / will + 动词原形:(单纯) 表将来, 一般不用于条件句。

(2) be going to + 动词原形:(计划)打算做……。

(3) be about to + 动词原形:即将或正要去做某事,通常不与时间状语连用,但可与when引导的从句连用。

(4) be to + 动词原形:预定要做……。

(5) be doing 表示按计划、安排即将发生的动作,常与go, start, set out, leave, reach, arrive, return, come, move等表位移的动词连用。

六、现在完成时

1. 表示过去发生或已经完成的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果。

[例句] —Have you had your supper yet? —Yes, I have just had it.

2. 常与介词for, during, in, within, over等引导的时间状语连用, 表示过去的某一行为一直延续到现在。

[例句] I haven’t seen my English teacher for a long time.

3. 表示反复或习惯性的动作, 常与several times, once, twice, frequently等频度副词连用。

[例句] I have been to the USA several times.

4. 表示从过去到现在没有发生过的动作。

[例句] I haven’t swept the floor for a week.

5. 用在时间、条件状语从句中, 表示从句动作先于主句动作完成。

[例句] I’ll tell him after you have left.

6. 在“最高级+ 名词”或在“这是第几次…”之后跟定语从句,从句用现在完成时。

[例句] ①This is the third time I have been there.

②This is the best tea I have ever drunk.

七、过去完成时

1. 表示在过去某一时刻以前已经开始并一直延续到这一时刻、或是在此刻前已经完成的动作。

[例句] By the end of last term, we had learned 1,000 English words.

2. 有些动词 (如: hope, think, expect, mean, intend, suppose, want等) 的过去完成时可表示过去未曾实现的希望、打算或意图。

[例句] I had hoped to see more of Beijing.

◆动词时态应注意的几点

1. 瞬间性动词的一般现在时和现在进行时常用来表示将来的动作。例句:

①The film begins in a minute.

②My uncle is leaving tomorrow morning.

2. 在时间、条件、让步状语从句中,常用一般现在时代替一般将来时。例句:

①Every time I listen to that song, I’ll think of my old friend.

②If you do that, I shall be very pleased.

③They’ll stand by you even if you don’t succeed.

3. 一般过去时和现在完成时的区别:一般过去时和现在完成时都表示过去所发生的动作,但现在完成时强调这一动作与现在的关系,如对现在产生的影响、结果等,所以它不能和表示过去的时间状语连用;一般过去时只表示过去的事实,不表示和现在的关系,因而它可以和表示过去的时间状语连用。如:

—Have you finished your work?

—Yes, I have.

—When did you finish it?

—I finished it last summer.

◆直接引语与间接引语转换时应注意的几个问题:

1. 人称的变化

2. 时态的变化

3. 时间状语的变化

4. 地点状语的变化

例句:

①Xiao Yi said, “I want to go to the park this afternoon.”

→Xiao Yi said (that) he wanted to go to the park that afternoon.

②Bob said, “We’ll have a meeting here tomorrow morning.”

→Bob said (that) they would have a meeting there the next morning.

◆定语从句中关系代词只能用that和不能用that的几种情况:

只能用that的情况

1. 先行词是不定代词。

例句:Please tell me everything that happened to you.

2. 先行词被形容词最高级、序数词或only, last, same, very等修饰。

例句: ①This is the most interesting movie that I have ever seen.

②This is the only book that I read during the summer holiday.

3. 先行词既包括人又包括物。例句:She talked about the writer and his works that interested her.

不能用that的情况

1. 非限制性定语从句中。

例句:He said he could speak three foreign languages, which is not true.

2. 先行词本身是that。

例句:I have that which you gave me.

3. “介词+ 关系代词”结构。

例句:The person to whom I talked just now is Tom.

◆现在完成进行时与现在完成时进行的比较:

1. 强调动作还未结束时, 多用现在完成进行时;强调动作的结果时, 多用现在完成时。例句:

①I have been painting the paining. (强调“一直在画”这个动作)

②I have painted the painting. (强调“画完了”这个结果)

2. 有些动词不能用在现在完成进行时中,但可用在现在完成时中。如:have, love, see等。例句:

①She has had a cold for a week.

②They have loved each other for three years.

③I have seen this movie.

-ing形式:

1. having done

having done是非谓语动词中-ing形式的完成式,而doing则是其一般式,它们都与句中主语构成逻辑上的主谓关系,只是doing与句中谓语动词同时发生或基本上同时发生;having done则表示动作或状态发生在句中谓语动词之前。

[例句]

①Hearing the news, they got excited. (hear 和get excited这两个动作几乎同时发生)

②Having arrived at the top of mountain, they took a rest. (arrive 发生在take a rest之前)

2. 动词后接动词的-ing形式和不定式有些动词后既可接动词的-ing形式也可接to do形式作宾语,但意义有所不同。

[例如]

① forget / remember / regret doing sth. 表示动作已经发生;

forget / remember / regret to do sth. 则表示该动作未发生。

② mean to do sth. 表示“打算做某事”;

mean doing sth. 表示“意味着做某事”。

③ try to do sth. 表示“设法尽力做某事”;

try doing sth. 表示“试着做某事”。

④ stop to do sth. 表示“停下来接着做另一件事”;

stop doing sth. 表示“停止做某事”。

⑤ go on to do sth. 表示“(做完某事)接着做另一件事”;

go on doing sth. 表示“继续做同一件事”(= go on with sth.)。

⑥ can’t help to do sth. 表示“不能帮助做某事”;

can’t help doing sth. 表示“情不自禁地做某事”。

3. have/has been doing

have / has been doing是现在完成进行时的构成,强调动作的延续过程,动作可能还在进行。而have / has done是现在完成时的构成,强调动作的结果,该动作通常已经结束。

[例句]

①I have written a book. (动作结束)

②I have been writing a book. (可能未写完,侧重最近一直忙于写书)

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