什么是英语的完成时 英语的完成时简介

2017-05-12

现在完成时历来是语法中的重点和难点。汉语中的时态体系和英语中的完全不同,英语谓语动词在时体态方面的变化形式较多。什么是英语的完成时呢?下面是小编整理的什么是英语的完成时,欢迎阅读。

什么是英语的完成时

英语的完成时有两种情况:现在完成时和过去完成时

英语的现在完成时

1.基本概念

现在完成时通常是指过去某一动作对现在的影响,或过去某一动作持续到现在,甚至可能仍要继续下去 。其主要特征为:①强调动作是过去发生的;②强调对现在的影响或结果。

2. 基本结构

①肯定句:主语+have/has+动词过去分词+宾语(其中have/has为助动词,have的主语为I, you, they, we, has的主语为he,she,it,等单数名词或代词)

②否定句:主语+have/has not+动词的过去分词+宾语(缩写形式分别为haven’t和hasn’t) ③一般疑问句:Have/Has+主语+动词的过去分词+宾语

④特殊疑问句:特殊疑问词或词组+一般疑问句(have/has+主语+过去分词+其他)

3. 基本用法

①表示过去发生或已完成的某个动作对现在产生的影响或结果,强调的是这个影响或结果,常同already, just, yet等状语连用

I have just turned off the light. 我刚刚把灯关上。(结果是灯已经关上了)

She has lost her bike. 她把自行车丢了。(影响是他现在没有自行车骑了)

The rain has stopped now. 雨已经停了。(结果是我们可以出门了)

I have already read the book. 我已读过这本书了。(结果是已知道这本书的内容)

She has had a good education. 她受到过良好的教育。(影响是她文化水平高,有修养) ② 表示开始于过去、持续到现在的动作或状态,并可能继续下去,常同包括现在在内的时间状语连用,如:today, now, this week, this morning, these days, this afternoon, recently, so far等;也同“for+时间段”或 “since+时间点”的状语连用

We have had much snow this winter. 今年冬天多雪。

She has taught in the school for ten years. 她在这所学校教书已经10年了。

I haven't eaten anything since breakfast. 我从早饭起就一直没有吃东西。

We have been busy this morning. 今天上午我们一直很忙。

I have known her since we were children. 我从小就认识她。

I haven't seen John today. 我今天没有见到约翰。

It has rained a lot these days. 这些天多雨。

③ 表示从过去某一时间到说话时这段时间中反复发生的动作或多次动作的总和,常同频度副词always, often, seldom, never等连用

He has done a lot of work in the past two years. 在过去两年中他做了许多工作。

I have learned about two hundred English words this morning. 本月我学了大约200个英语单词。

I have been to the Great Wall twice. 我曾经去过长城两次

It has rained every day this week. 这个星期天天下雨。

She has always walked to school. 她一直步行去学校。

I have never seen such a beautiful bird. 我从没见过这么美丽的鸟。

I have often met the old man on my way to work. 我在上班的路上常常遇见那位老人。

4. be的现在完成时态

① 可表示一种状态,表示从过去已经开始持续到现在,要与表示一段的时间状语连用。 There has been a factory near No. 14 Middle School for several years.

十四中学附近有家工厂,已经有几年了.

② 可表示某人刚刚去往某地,迄今未归。

Where has your mother gone, little John? 约翰,你妈妈到哪里去了?

③ 后加地点, 表示某人曾经到过某地.

Have you ever been to West Hill Farm?

你曾经到过西山农场吗?

5. 延续性动词与非延续性动词在现在完成时中的使用规则

① 延续性动词如be,have,know,live, work,study,learn,teach,speak,talk,draw, wait,wear,walk,sleep等等,在现在完成时时态中,这些动词并无严格限制,基本可以任意使用, 如:Uncle Wang has worked in this factory for ten years.王伯伯在这家工厂工作十年了。

非延续性动词如come,go,arrive, reach,see,hear,close,leave,begin,start,lose,buy,fall,join,die等,这些动词可用于完成时态,说明某个动作的结果还存在,但不能和表示一段时间的状语连用,如The play has begun.戏开演了。(戏正在演着) (此句表达准确)The play has begun for half an hour.戏开演半小时了。(此句表达不够准确)。非延续性动词在现在完成句中,动词要在一定程度上进行必要的变化。

② 非延续性动词表示状态有三种方法:

A. 用相应的延续性动词来替换非延续性动词。句中的谓语动词一般用现在完成时,时间状语为“for +时间段”或“since +时间点(过去某一时刻或非延续性动词的一般过去时从句)”

They have been here for five years.他们来这里已经五年了。(这里come这一非延续性动词改成了be。)

(常见非延续性动词与延续性动词转换如下:come→be,come to→be in /at, go out→be out,leave→be away,begin / start→be on,buy→have,borrow→keep, join→be a member of /be a...member, die→be dead,put on→wear,catch a cold→ have a cold,get to know→know,become a teacher→be a teacher,fall asleep→be asleep,go to sleep→sleep等。)

B. 用“非延续性动词的一般过去时+一段时间+ago”这一句型(即用一般过去时)。例 They came here five years ago.他们是五年前来这里的。

C. 用“It is(has been)+时间段+since从句(从句的谓语动词用非延续性动词的过去式)”这一句型。

It is five years since they came here.自从他们来到这里已经有五年了。

6. 现在完成时与一般过去时的区别

① 现在完成时强调过去发生的动作对现在的影响和结果,而一般过去时与现在没有联系,只是说明某个动作发生的时间是在过去。

I have washed the car. 我洗过了车。(看上去很漂亮)

I washed the car a moment ago. 我刚才洗过车了。

She has watered the flowers. 她已经浇了花。(不需要再浇了)

She watered the flowers yesterday. 她昨天浇的花。

② 现在完成时表示的动作或状态延续到现在并可能延续下去,而一般过去时则单纯表示过去某段时间内的经历。

He has waited for her for two hours. 他等她已经两个小时了。

He waited for her two hours and then went home. 他等她等了两个小时,然后就回家了。 I have reviewed two lessons this morning. 今天上午我已经复习了两课。(说话时还在上午) I reviewed two lessons this morning. 今天上午我复习了两课。(说话时已是下午或晚上) ③ 现在完成时与一般过去时的时间状语有很大不同。一般过去时总是与具体的表示过去某一时间的副词连用,而现在完成时时间标志词则相应复杂的多(可参见上文)。

7. 规则动词与不规则动词的过去分词形式

① 规则动词:规则动词的过去分词的构成规则与规则动词的过去式的构成规则相同。四点变化规则:

A、一般动词,在词尾直接加“ ed ”。

work---worked---worked ,visit---visited---visited

B、以“ e ”结尾的动词,只在词尾加“ d ”。

live---lived---lived ,

C、以“辅音字母 + y ”结尾的动词,将 "y" 变为 "i" ,再加“ ed ”。 study---studied---studied ,cry---cried---cried

D、重读闭音节结尾,末尾只有一个辅音字母,先双写该辅音字母,再加“ ed ”。 stop---stopped---stopped , drop---dropped--dropped

过去完成时

一、过去完成时的概念与结构特点

概念:过去完成时表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成了的动作,即“过去的过去( past-in-the-past )”。

那时以前 那时 现在

构成:过去完成时由“助动词 had + 过去分词”构成,其中 had 通用于各种人称。 They had already had breakfast before they arrived at the hotel. She had finished writing the composition by 10 :00 this morning.

二、过去完成时的判断依据

1. 由时间状语来判定

一般说来,各种时态都有特定的时间状语。与过去完成时连用的时间状语有: ( 1 ) by + 过去的时间点。

如: I had finished reading the novel by nine o'clock last night. ( 2 ) by the end of + 过去的时间点。

如: We had learned over two thousand English words by the end of last term. ( 3 ) before + 过去的时间点。

如: They had planted six hundred trees before last Wednesday.

2. 由“过去的过去”来判定。

过去完成时表示“过去的过去”,是指过去某一动作之前已经发生或完成的动作,即动作有先后关系,动作在前的用过去完成时,在后的用一般过去时。这种用法常出现在:

( 1 )宾语从句中 当宾语从句的主句为一般过去时,且从句的动作先于主句的动作时,从句要用过去完成时。在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾语从句。如: She said that she had seen the film before.

( 2 )状语从句中 在时间、条件、原因、方式等状语从句中,主、从句的动作发生有先后关系,动作在前的,要用过去完成时,动作在后的要用一般过去时。如:

When I got to the station, the train had already left.

After he had finished his homework, he went to bed.

注意: before, after 引导的时间状语从句中,由于 before 和 after 本身已表达了动作的先后关系,若主、从句表示的动作紧密相连,则主、从句都用一般过去时。如:

Where did you study before you came here?

After he closed the door, he left the classroom.

( 3 )表示意向的动词,如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等,用过去完成时表示"原本„,未能„"

We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't.

3. 根据上、下文来判定。

I met Wang Tao in the street yesterday. We hadn't seen each other since he went to Beijing.

三、过去完成时的主要用法

1. 过去完成时表示一个动作或状态在过去某一时间或动作之前已经完成或结束,即发生在“过去的过去”。如:

When I woke up, it had stopped raining.

我醒来时,雨已经停了。(主句的动作发生在“过去的过去”)

2. 过去完成时是一个相对的时态,表示的是“过去的过去”,只有和过去某一时间或某一动作相比较时才使用它。如:

He told me that he had written a new book. (had written 发生在 told 之前 )

3. 过去完成时需要与一个表示过去的时间状语连用,它不能离开过去时间而独立存在。此时多与 already , yet , still , just , before , never 等时间副词及 by , before , until 等引导的短语或从句连用。

如:

Before she came to China, Grace had taught English in a middle school for about five years.

Peter had collected more than 300 Chinese stamps by the time he was ten.

4. 过去完成时表示某一动作或状态在过去某时之前已经开始,一直延续到这一过去时间,而且动作尚未结束,仍然有继续下去的可能。

如: By the end of last year, he had worked in the factory for twenty years. ( had worked 已有了 20 年,还有继续进行下去的可能)

四、过去完成时与现在完成时的区别

现在完成时表示的动作发生在过去,但侧重对现在产生的结果或造成的影响,与现在有关,其结构为“助动词 have (has) + 过去分词”;过去完成时则是一个相对的时态,它所表示的动作不仅发生在过去,更强调“过去的过去”,只有和过去某时或某动作相比较时,才用到它。试比较:

I have learned 1000 English words so far.

到目前为止我已经学会了 1000 个英语单词。

I had learned 1000 English words till then.

到那时为止我已经学会了 1000 个英语单词。

— I'm sorry to keep you waiting. 对不起,让你久等了。

— Oh, not at all. I have been here only a few minutes.

没什么,我只等了几分钟。(“等”的动作从过去某一时间点持续到现在)

— John returned home yesterday. 约翰昨天回到家的。

— Where had he been?

他去哪儿了?(答语中使用过去完成时是指约翰在 returned home 之前去了哪些地方,即“过去的过去”)

五、过去完成时与一般过去时的区别

虽然这两种时态都表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态,但在使用时应注意以下几点:

1. 时间状语不同:过去完成时在时间上强调“过去的过去”;而一般过去时只强调过去某一特定的时间。试比较:

They had arrived at the station by ten yesterday.

They arrived at the station at ten yesterday.

2. 在没有明确的过去时间状语作标志时,谓语动词动作发生的时间先后须依据上下文来判断:先发生的用过去完成时,后发生的则用一般过去时。如:

She was very happy. Her whole family were pleased with her, too. She had just won the first in the composition competition.

3. 当两个或两个以上接连发生的动作用 and 或 but 连接时,按时间顺序,只需用一般过去时来代替过去完成时;另外,在 before , after , as soon as 引导的从句中,由于这些连词本身已经表示出时间的先后,因此也可以用过去时来代替过去完成时。如:

He entered the room, turned on the light and read an evening paper.

I (had) called her before I left the office.

更多相关阅读

最新发布的文章