双语阅读：乐观还是悲观 基因说了算
摘要：人们越来越发现基因——特别是与血清素相关的基因很可能对人们形成“世界观”有作用。所以来自英国埃塞克斯大学(University of Essex) 的Elaine Fox 和她的同事想知道基因是否在对积极或者消极事件的选择性注意上起一定的作用，从而影响“世界观”。
FOR some people in this world, the glass alwaysseems to be half-full. For others it is half-empty. Buthow someone comes to have a sunny disposition inthe first place is an interesting question.
在这个世界上，对于一些人来说，玻璃杯里的水似乎总是半满。对于另外一些人来说，玻璃杯里的水总是半空。但是乐观者是如何首先获得这种积极向上的天性的呢?这是个很有趣的问题。
It has been known for a long time that optimists seethe world selectively, mentally processing positivethings while ignoring negative ones, and that this outlook helps determine their health andwell-being. In recent years, it has also become clear that carriers of a particular version of aparticular gene are at higher risk than others of depression and attempted suicide when theyface traumatic events. The gene in question lies in a region of the genome that promotes theactivity of a second gene, which encodes a protein called the serotonin transporter. Serotoninis a messenger molecule that carries signals between nerve cells, and it is known to modulatemany aspects of human behaviour, although the details are complex and controversial. Thetransporter protein recycles serotonin back into the cell that produced it, making it availablefor reuse, but also reducing the amount in the junctions between cells and thus, it ispresumed, the strength of the signal.
乐观还是悲观 基因说了算
长久以来人们知道，乐观者们选择性地看待这个世界，他们的心理处理那些积极的事情但是忽略那些消极的事情，人们还知道这种心态有利于乐观者们的健康和幸福。最近人们还清楚地发现对于有些携带某种特别形式的某种特别基因的人，他们在面对创伤性事件面前更加容易患上抑郁症，也更容易尝试自杀。这种特别的基因位于人类基因组的某个区域，这个区域激活第二种基因，而这第二种基因对所谓的血清素传输子进行蛋白质编码。血清素是一种信使分子，它传输神经细胞间的信号。人们还知道血清素调节人类行为的许多方面，尽管其中的细节很复杂而且对其解释也有争议。传输蛋白把血清素“回收”到产生它的细胞，使其能重复利用，但是这也减少了细胞间的节点数量，因此人们也认为减少了信号的强度。
It has looked increasingly likely, therefore, that genes—particularly those connected withserotonin—have a role to play in shaping a person’s outlook. So Elaine Fox and her colleaguesat the University of Essex, in Britain, wondered whether genes play a part in the selectiveattention to positive or negative material, with consequent effects on outlook.
因此，人们越来越发现基因——特别是与血清素相关的基因很可能对人们形成“世界观”有作用。所以来自英国埃塞克斯大学(University of Essex) 的Elaine Fox 和她的同事想知道基因是否在对积极或者消极事件的选择性注意上起一定的作用，从而影响“世界观”。
To find out, they took samples of DNA from about 100 people and then subjected these peopleto what is known as the dot-probe paradigm test to see how they reacted to different stimuli.In this test participants are briefly shown photographs that may be positive, negative orneutral in tone. They then have to press a keypad to indicate when a dot has appeared onthe screen. It has been found by experience that the more distracting an image is, the longer aperson takes to respond when the dot appears. That allowed Dr Fox and her team to discoverhow distracting particular people found particular images.
为了找出答案，他们采集了大约100人的DNA样品，然后对这些人进行所谓的点探测任务实验，以便观察他们对不同刺激的反应。在这个实验中，实验参与者们短暂地看一些照片，这些照片的“格调”可能是积极的、消极的或者中性的。然后当这些实验参与者们在屏幕上看到一个点出现后，必须按一下键盘。经验发现照片越是分散人的注意力，那么当点出现在屏幕上后，人们就需要更长的时间做出反应。这就让Fox博士和她的研究小组发现特定的人对特定的照片是如何被吸引的。
In a paper just published in the Proceedings of the Royal Society B they report that, sureenough, gene-related variation caused a bias in attention towards positive and negativematerial. Some people had two “long” versions of the promoter gene (one inherited from eachparent), a combination that reduces the amount of serotonin in the junctions between nervecells. These individuals were biased towards positive images and away from negative ones. Bycontrast, those who had either a long and a short version of the gene, or two short versions(and thus, presumably, more serotonin in the junctions), did not have such protective biases.In other words, the optimists really did see the world differently.
在刚刚发表于《皇家学会学报B》(Proceedings of the Royal Society B)的文章中，他们报道说，与基因相关的变化肯定导致了人们对积极和消极事物注意力的偏爱。有些人具有两个“长”版本的启动子基因(遗传自双亲)，这种组合减少了神经细胞节中血清素的含量。这些人偏爱积极的照片，而不喜欢消极的照片。相反，那些带有一长一短，或者两短“版本”启动子基因的人就没有这种保护性的偏爱，而这种基因组合可能使得神经节中的血清素含量更高。换句话说，乐观者们真地是以不同的方式看世界的。
Rose-tinted spectacles may be good for one’s health, as these results fit in with wider ideasabout how a tendency to look on the bright side of life is part of being resilient to stress.Those with short variants of this gene are expected to have an increased susceptibility tomood disorders following such stress. It is not all good news, though, for optimists. Becausethese results suggest that a person’s attitude to life is inherited, they serve as a stark warningto all buoyant optimists that trying to cheer the rest of the world up with nothing more than asmile and an effortlessly sunny disposition is doomed to failure.
积极的眼光可能对人的健康有好处，这些结果也和大众的观点相吻合， 那就是经常看到生活阳光的一面会有助于应付压力。而那些“短”版基因的人在这样的压力下可能更易受到情绪混乱的影响。然而，对于乐观者们来说，并非一切都是好消息。因为这些研究结果暗示一个人对待生活的态度可能来自于遗传，这对所有的乐观者们提供了一个严厉的警告：想仅仅依靠微笑和天生的积极性格让整个世界都高兴起来是注定不可行的。
做一个乐观的自己
拒绝心情不快，时刻神采飞扬。别让问题堆积如山，一个一个着手解决。做时间的主人，以自己喜欢的方式简单地生活。
不要沉湎于错误和失望中难以自拔，有时它们是生活不可或缺的组成部分，学会从中吸取教训，下次做得更好。
Hi, welcome to our latest i ssue at Faith Radio Online-Simply to Relax, I’m Faith. I thank you fordropping by today, and I hope that you're able to find something here that's interesting, useful,and informative! Today, I would like to share with you the motto for a positive outlook. Takegood care, and enjoy this i ssue!
Refuse to be unhappy, be cheerful instead. Refuse to let your troubles multiply, just takethem one by one. Organize your time, keep your life simple and exactly the way you want it.
Refuse to complain about things, learn to improve your surroundings and create your worldthe way you believe it should be.
Refuse to dwell on the mistakes or disappointments that are sometimes a part of life, insteadlearn how you can make things better.
Be optimistic. Be energetic and positive about the things you do, and always hope for thebest.
You’re listening to Faith Radio Online-Simply to Relax, I’m Faith. Believe in yourself at all timesand in all aspects of your life. Before you know it, those wonderful dreams you have believed inall your life will come true, and your life will be the happy and successful life that it was meant tobe.
大家好，欢迎收听Faith轻松电台的最新一期节目，我是Faith。首先谢谢大家今天的到访，希望你们觉得我们的节目有意义，有价值，有知识性!今天，我想和大家一起分享一些积极人生座右铭, 希望你们喜欢!
拒绝心情不快，时刻神采飞扬。别让问题堆积如山，一个一个着手解决。做时间的主人，以自己喜欢的方式简单地生活。
不要抱怨，学习如何改善环境，创造你的理想世界。
不要沉湎于错误和失望中难以自拔，有时它们是生活不可或缺的组成部分，学会从中吸取教训，下次做得更好。
保持乐观。保持旺盛精力和积极心态，追求完美。
您正在收听的是Faith轻松电台，我是Faith。相信自己，时时刻刻，事事处处。等你明白这一切，生命中的美好愿望都将实现。生活将如你所愿，快乐幸福并且成功。